PostgreSQL 9.3.20 Documentation
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# VII. Internals

This part contains assorted information that might be of use to PostgreSQL developers.

Table of Contents
46. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
  46.1. The Path of a Query
  46.2. How Connections are Established
  46.3. The Parser Stage
  46.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System
  46.5. Planner/Optimizer
  46.6. Executor
47. System Catalogs
  47.1. Overview
  47.2. `pg_aggregate`
  47.3. `pg_am`
  47.4. `pg_amop`
  47.5. `pg_amproc`
  47.6. `pg_attrdef`
  47.7. `pg_attribute`
  47.8. `pg_authid`
  47.9. `pg_auth_members`
  47.10. `pg_cast`
  47.11. `pg_class`
  47.12. `pg_collation`
  47.13. `pg_constraint`
  47.14. `pg_conversion`
  47.15. `pg_database`
  47.16. `pg_db_role_setting`
  47.17. `pg_default_acl`
  47.18. `pg_depend`
  47.19. `pg_description`
  47.20. `pg_enum`
  47.21. `pg_event_trigger`
  47.22. `pg_extension`
  47.23. `pg_foreign_data_wrapper`
  47.24. `pg_foreign_server`
  47.25. `pg_foreign_table`
  47.26. `pg_index`
  47.27. `pg_inherits`
  47.28. `pg_language`
  47.29. `pg_largeobject`
  47.30. `pg_largeobject_metadata`
  47.31. `pg_namespace`
  47.32. `pg_opclass`
  47.33. `pg_operator`
  47.34. `pg_opfamily`
  47.35. `pg_pltemplate`
  47.36. `pg_proc`
  47.37. `pg_range`
  47.38. `pg_rewrite`
  47.39. `pg_seclabel`
  47.40. `pg_shdepend`
  47.41. `pg_shdescription`
  47.42. `pg_shseclabel`
  47.43. `pg_statistic`
  47.44. `pg_tablespace`
  47.45. `pg_trigger`
  47.46. `pg_ts_config`
  47.47. `pg_ts_config_map`
  47.48. `pg_ts_dict`
  47.49. `pg_ts_parser`
  47.50. `pg_ts_template`
  47.51. `pg_type`
  47.52. `pg_user_mapping`
  47.53. System Views
  47.54. `pg_available_extensions`
  47.55. `pg_available_extension_versions`
  47.56. `pg_cursors`
  47.57. `pg_group`
  47.58. `pg_indexes`
  47.59. `pg_locks`
  47.60. `pg_matviews`
  47.61. `pg_prepared_statements`
  47.62. `pg_prepared_xacts`
  47.63. `pg_roles`
  47.64. `pg_rules`
  47.65. `pg_seclabels`
  47.66. `pg_settings`
  47.67. `pg_shadow`
  47.68. `pg_stats`
  47.69. `pg_tables`
  47.70. `pg_timezone_abbrevs`
  47.71. `pg_timezone_names`
  47.72. `pg_user`
  47.73. `pg_user_mappings`
  47.74. `pg_views`
48. Frontend/Backend Protocol
  48.1. Overview
  48.2. Message Flow
  48.3. Streaming Replication Protocol
  48.4. Message Data Types
  48.5. Message Formats
  48.6. Error and Notice Message Fields
  48.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
49. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
  49.1. Formatting
  49.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
  49.3. Error Message Style Guide
50. Native Language Support
  50.1. For the Translator
  50.2. For the Programmer
51. Writing A Procedural Language Handler
52. Writing A Foreign Data Wrapper
  52.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
  52.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
  52.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
  52.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
53. Genetic Query Optimizer
  53.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
  53.2. Genetic Algorithms
  53.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
  53.4. Further Reading
54. Index Access Method Interface Definition
  54.1. Catalog Entries for Indexes
  54.2. Index Access Method Functions
  54.3. Index Scanning
  54.4. Index Locking Considerations
  54.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
  54.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
55. GiST Indexes
  55.1. Introduction
  55.2. Extensibility
  55.3. Implementation
  55.4. Examples
56. SP-GiST Indexes
  56.1. Introduction
  56.2. Extensibility
  56.3. Implementation
  56.4. Examples
57. GIN Indexes
  57.1. Introduction
  57.2. Extensibility
  57.3. Implementation
  57.4. GIN Tips and Tricks
  57.5. Limitations
  57.6. Examples
58. Database Physical Storage
  58.1. Database File Layout
  58.2. TOAST
  58.3. Free Space Map
  58.4. Visibility Map
  58.5. The Initialization Fork
  58.6. Database Page Layout
59. BKI Backend Interface
  59.1. BKI File Format
  59.2. BKI Commands
  59.3. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
  59.4. Example
60. How the Planner Uses Statistics
  60.1. Row Estimation Examples
  60.2. Planner Statistics and Security

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