<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml,v 1.3.2.1 2010/06/22 11:36:28 rhaas Exp $ -->

<sect1 id="hstore">
 <title>hstore</title>

 <indexterm zone="hstore">
  <primary>hstore</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  This module implements a data type <type>hstore</> for storing sets of
  (key,value) pairs within a single <productname>PostgreSQL</> data field.
  This can be useful in various scenarios, such as rows with many attributes
  that are rarely examined, or semi-structured data.
 </para>

 <para>
  In the current implementation, neither the key nor the value
  string can exceed 65535 bytes in length; an error will be thrown if this
  limit is exceeded. These maximum lengths may change in future releases.
 </para>

 <sect2>
  <title><type>hstore</> External Representation</title>

  <para>
   The text representation of an <type>hstore</> value includes zero
   or more <replaceable>key</> <literal>=&gt;</> <replaceable>value</>
   items, separated by commas.  For example:

   <programlisting>
    k => v
    foo => bar, baz => whatever
    "1-a" => "anything at all"
   </programlisting>

   The order of the items is not considered significant (and may not be
   reproduced on output).  Whitespace between items or around the
   <literal>=&gt;</> sign is ignored.  Use double quotes if a key or
   value includes whitespace, comma, <literal>=</> or <literal>&gt;</>.
   To include a double quote or a backslash in a key or value, precede
   it with another backslash.  (Keep in mind that depending on the
   setting of <varname>standard_conforming_strings</>, you may need to
   double backslashes in SQL literal strings.)
  </para>

  <para>
   A value (but not a key) can be a SQL NULL.  This is represented as

   <programlisting>
    key => NULL
   </programlisting>

   The <literal>NULL</> keyword is not case-sensitive.  Again, use
   double quotes if you want the string <literal>null</> to be treated
   as an ordinary data value.
  </para>

  <para>
   Currently, double quotes are always used to surround key and value
   strings on output, even when this is not strictly necessary.
  </para>

 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title><type>hstore</> Operators and Functions</title>

  <table id="hstore-op-table">
   <title><type>hstore</> Operators</title>

   <tgroup cols="4">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>Operator</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
      <entry>Example</entry>
      <entry>Result</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><type>hstore</> <literal>-&gt;</> <type>text</></entry>
      <entry>get value for key (null if not present)</entry>
      <entry><literal>'a=&gt;x, b=&gt;y'::hstore -&gt; 'a'</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>x</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><type>text</> <literal>=&gt;</> <type>text</></entry>
      <entry>make single-item <type>hstore</></entry>
      <entry><literal>'a' =&gt; 'b'</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>"a"=&gt;"b"</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><type>hstore</> <literal>||</> <type>hstore</></entry>
      <entry>concatenation</entry>
      <entry><literal>'a=&gt;b, c=&gt;d'::hstore || 'c=&gt;x, d=&gt;q'::hstore</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>"a"=&gt;"b", "c"=&gt;"x", "d"=&gt;"q"</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><type>hstore</> <literal>?</> <type>text</></entry>
      <entry>does <type>hstore</> contain key?</entry>
      <entry><literal>'a=&gt;1'::hstore ? 'a'</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><type>hstore</> <literal>@&gt;</> <type>hstore</></entry>
      <entry>does left operand contain right?</entry>
      <entry><literal>'a=&gt;b, b=&gt;1, c=&gt;NULL'::hstore @&gt; 'b=&gt;1'</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><type>hstore</> <literal>&lt;@</> <type>hstore</></entry>
      <entry>is left operand contained in right?</entry>
      <entry><literal>'a=&gt;c'::hstore &lt;@ 'a=&gt;b, b=&gt;1, c=&gt;NULL'</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
     </row>

    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>

  <para>
   (Before PostgreSQL 8.2, the containment operators @&gt; and &lt;@ were
   respectively called @ and ~.  These names are still available, but are
   deprecated and will eventually be retired.  Notice that the old names
   are reversed from the convention formerly followed by the core geometric
   datatypes!)
  </para>

  <note>
  <para>
   The <literal>=&gt;</> operator is deprecated and may be removed in a
   future release.  Use the <literal>hstore(text, text)</literal> function
   instead.
   </para>
  </note>

  <table id="hstore-func-table">
   <title><type>hstore</> Functions</title>

   <tgroup cols="5">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>Function</entry>
      <entry>Return Type</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
      <entry>Example</entry>
      <entry>Result</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><function>hstore(text, text)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>hstore</type></entry>
      <entry>make single-item <type>hstore</></entry>
      <entry><literal>hstore('a', 'b')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>"a"=&gt;"b"</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>akeys(hstore)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>text[]</type></entry>
      <entry>get <type>hstore</>'s keys as array</entry>
      <entry><literal>akeys('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{a,b}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>skeys(hstore)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>setof text</type></entry>
      <entry>get <type>hstore</>'s keys as set</entry>
      <entry><literal>skeys('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2')</literal></entry>
      <entry>
<programlisting>
a
b
</programlisting></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>avals(hstore)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>text[]</type></entry>
      <entry>get <type>hstore</>'s values as array</entry>
      <entry><literal>avals('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>{1,2}</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>svals(hstore)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>setof text</type></entry>
      <entry>get <type>hstore</>'s values as set</entry>
      <entry><literal>svals('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2')</literal></entry>
      <entry>
<programlisting>
1
2
</programlisting></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>each(hstore)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>setof (key text, value text)</type></entry>
      <entry>get <type>hstore</>'s keys and values as set</entry>
      <entry><literal>select * from each('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2')</literal></entry>
      <entry>
<programlisting>
 key | value
-----+-------
 a   | 1
 b   | 2
</programlisting></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>exist(hstore,text)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>does <type>hstore</> contain key?</entry>
      <entry><literal>exist('a=&gt;1','a')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>t</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>defined(hstore,text)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>does <type>hstore</> contain non-null value for key?</entry>
      <entry><literal>defined('a=&gt;NULL','a')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><function>delete(hstore,text)</function></entry>
      <entry><type>hstore</type></entry>
      <entry>delete any item matching key</entry>
      <entry><literal>delete('a=&gt;1,b=&gt;2','b')</literal></entry>
      <entry><literal>"a"=>"1"</literal></entry>
     </row>

    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Indexes</title>

  <para>
   <type>hstore</> has index support for <literal>@&gt;</> and <literal>?</>
   operators.  You can use either GiST or GIN index types.  For example:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIST(h);

CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIN(h);
  </programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   Add a key, or update an existing key with a new value:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
UPDATE tab SET h = h || ('c' => '3');
  </programlisting>

  <para>
   Delete a key:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
UPDATE tab SET h = delete(h, 'k1');
  </programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Statistics</title>

  <para>
   The <type>hstore</> type, because of its intrinsic liberality, could
   contain a lot of different keys. Checking for valid keys is the task of the
   application.  Examples below demonstrate several techniques for checking
   keys and obtaining statistics.
  </para>

  <para>
   Simple example:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
SELECT * FROM each('aaa=>bq, b=>NULL, ""=>1');
  </programlisting>

  <para>
   Using a table:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
SELECT (each(h)).key, (each(h)).value INTO stat FROM testhstore;
  </programlisting>

  <para>
   Online statistics:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
SELECT key, count(*) FROM
  (SELECT (each(h)).key FROM testhstore) AS stat
  GROUP BY key
  ORDER BY count DESC, key;
    key    | count
-----------+-------
 line      |   883
 query     |   207
 pos       |   203
 node      |   202
 space     |   197
 status    |   195
 public    |   194
 title     |   190
 org       |   189
...................
  </programlisting>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Authors</title>

  <para>
   Oleg Bartunov <email>oleg@sai.msu.su</email>, Moscow, Moscow University, Russia
  </para>

  <para>
   Teodor Sigaev <email>teodor@sigaev.ru</email>, Moscow, Delta-Soft Ltd., Russia
  </para>
 </sect2>

</sect1>
