PostgreSQL 8.2.22 Documentation
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# GRANT

## Name

GRANT -- define access privileges

## Synopsis

    GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
        [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON [ TABLE ] tablename [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
        [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON SEQUENCE sequencename [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON DATABASE dbname [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON FUNCTION funcname ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [, ...] ] ) [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON LANGUAGE langname [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON SCHEMA schemaname [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
        ON TABLESPACE tablespacename [, ...]
        TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    GRANT role [, ...] TO username [, ...] [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]

## Description

The `GRANT` command has two basic variants: one that grants privileges on a database object (table, view, sequence, database, function, procedural language, schema, or tablespace), and one that grants membership in a role. These variants are similar in many ways, but they are different enough to be described separately.

As of PostgreSQL 8.1, the concepts of users and groups have been unified into a single kind of entity called a role. It is therefore no longer necessary to use the keyword `GROUP` to identify whether a grantee is a user or a group. `GROUP` is still allowed in the command, but it is a noise word.

### GRANT on Database Objects

This variant of the `GRANT` command gives specific privileges on a database object to one or more roles. These privileges are added to those already granted, if any.

The key word `PUBLIC` indicates that the privileges are to be granted to all roles, including those that may be created later. `PUBLIC` may be thought of as an implicitly defined group that always includes all roles. Any particular role will have the sum of privileges granted directly to it, privileges granted to any role it is presently a member of, and privileges granted to `PUBLIC`.

If `WITH GRANT OPTION` is specified, the recipient of the privilege may in turn grant it to others. Without a grant option, the recipient cannot do that. Grant options cannot be granted to `PUBLIC`.

There is no need to grant privileges to the owner of an object (usually the user that created it), as the owner has all privileges by default. (The owner could, however, choose to revoke some of his own privileges for safety.) The right to drop an object, or to alter its definition in any way is not described by a grantable privilege; it is inherent in the owner, and cannot be granted or revoked. The owner implicitly has all grant options for the object, too.

Depending on the type of object, the initial default privileges may include granting some privileges to `PUBLIC`. The default is no public access for tables, schemas, and tablespaces; `CONNECT` privilege and `TEMP` table creation privilege for databases; `EXECUTE` privilege for functions; and `USAGE` privilege for languages. The object owner may of course revoke these privileges. (For maximum security, issue the `REVOKE` in the same transaction that creates the object; then there is no window in which another user may use the object.)

The possible privileges are:

SELECT

  Allows SELECT from any column of the specified table, view, or sequence. Also allows the use of COPY TO. This privilege is also needed to reference existing column values in UPDATE or DELETE. For sequences, this privilege also allows the use of the `currval` function.

INSERT

  Allows INSERT of a new row into the specified table. Also allows COPY FROM.

UPDATE

  Allows UPDATE of any column of the specified table. (In practice, any nontrivial `UPDATE` command will require `SELECT` privilege as well, since it must reference table columns to determine which rows to update, and/or to compute new values for columns.) `SELECT ... FOR UPDATE` and `SELECT ... FOR SHARE` also require this privilege, in addition to the `SELECT` privilege. For sequences, this privilege allows the use of the `nextval` and `setval` functions.

DELETE

  Allows DELETE of a row from the specified table. (In practice, any nontrivial `DELETE` command will require `SELECT` privilege as well, since it must reference table columns to determine which rows to delete.)

REFERENCES

  To create a foreign key constraint, it is necessary to have this privilege on both the referencing and referenced tables.

TRIGGER

  Allows the creation of a trigger on the specified table. (See the CREATE TRIGGER statement.)

CREATE

  For databases, allows new schemas to be created within the database.

  For schemas, allows new objects to be created within the schema. To rename an existing object, you must own the object and have this privilege for the containing schema.

  For tablespaces, allows tables and indexes to be created within the tablespace, and allows databases to be created that have the tablespace as their default tablespace. (Note that revoking this privilege will not alter the placement of existing objects.)

CONNECT

  Allows the user to connect to the specified database. This privilege is checked at connection startup (in addition to checking any restrictions imposed by `pg_hba.conf`).

TEMPORARY
TEMP

  Allows temporary tables to be created while using the specified database.

EXECUTE

  Allows the use of the specified function and the use of any operators that are implemented on top of the function. This is the only type of privilege that is applicable to functions. (This syntax works for aggregate functions, as well.)

USAGE

  For procedural languages, allows the use of the specified language for the creation of functions in that language. This is the only type of privilege that is applicable to procedural languages.

  For schemas, allows access to objects contained in the specified schema (assuming that the objects' own privilege requirements are also met). Essentially this allows the grantee to "look up" objects within the schema. Without this permission, it is still possible to see the object names, e.g. by querying the system tables. Also, after revoking this permission, existing backends might have statements that have previously performed this lookup, so this is not a completely secure way to prevent object access.

  For sequences, this privilege allows the use of the `currval` and `nextval` functions.

ALL PRIVILEGES

  Grant all of the available privileges at once. The `PRIVILEGES` key word is optional in PostgreSQL, though it is required by strict SQL.

The privileges required by other commands are listed on the reference page of the respective command.

### GRANT on Roles

This variant of the `GRANT` command grants membership in a role to one or more other roles. Membership in a role is significant because it conveys the privileges granted to a role to each of its members.

If `WITH ADMIN OPTION` is specified, the member may in turn grant membership in the role to others, and revoke membership in the role as well. Without the admin option, ordinary users cannot do that. However, database superusers can grant or revoke membership in any role to anyone. Roles having `CREATEROLE` privilege can grant or revoke membership in any role that is not a superuser.

Unlike the case with privileges, membership in a role cannot be granted to `PUBLIC`. Note also that this form of the command does not allow the noise word `GROUP`.

## Notes

The REVOKE command is used to revoke access privileges.

When a non-owner of an object attempts to `GRANT` privileges on the object, the command will fail outright if the user has no privileges whatsoever on the object. As long as some privilege is available, the command will proceed, but it will grant only those privileges for which the user has grant options. The `GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES` forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are held, while the other forms will issue a warning if grant options for any of the privileges specifically named in the command are not held. (In principle these statements apply to the object owner as well, but since the owner is always treated as holding all grant options, the cases can never occur.)

It should be noted that database superusers can access all objects regardless of object privilege settings. This is comparable to the rights of `root` in a Unix system. As with `root`, it's unwise to operate as a superuser except when absolutely necessary.

If a superuser chooses to issue a `GRANT` or `REVOKE` command, the command is performed as though it were issued by the owner of the affected object. In particular, privileges granted via such a command will appear to have been granted by the object owner. (For role membership, the membership appears to have been granted by the containing role itself.)

`GRANT` and `REVOKE` can also be done by a role that is not the owner of the affected object, but is a member of the role that owns the object, or is a member of a role that holds privileges `WITH GRANT OPTION` on the object. In this case the privileges will be recorded as having been granted by the role that actually owns the object or holds the privileges `WITH GRANT OPTION`. For example, if table `t1` is owned by role `g1`, of which role `u1` is a member, then `u1` can grant privileges on `t1` to `u2`, but those privileges will appear to have been granted directly by `g1`. Any other member of role `g1` could revoke them later.

If the role executing `GRANT` holds the required privileges indirectly via more than one role membership path, it is unspecified which containing role will be recorded as having done the grant. In such cases it is best practice to use `SET ROLE` to become the specific role you want to do the `GRANT` as.

Granting permission on a table does not automatically extend permissions to any sequences used by the table, including sequences tied to `SERIAL` columns. Permissions on sequence must be set separately.

Currently, PostgreSQL does not support granting or revoking privileges for individual columns of a table. One possible workaround is to create a view having just the desired columns and then grant privileges to that view.

Use psql's `\z` command to obtain information about existing privileges, for example:

    => \z mytable

                            Access privileges for database "lusitania"
     Schema |  Name   | Type  |                     Access privileges
    --------+---------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------
     public | mytable | table | {miriam=arwdxt/miriam,=r/miriam,"group todos=arw/miriam"}
    (1 row)

The entries shown by `\z` are interpreted thus:

                  =xxxx -- privileges granted to PUBLIC
             uname=xxxx -- privileges granted to a user
       group gname=xxxx -- privileges granted to a group

                      r -- SELECT ("read")
                      w -- UPDATE ("write")
                      a -- INSERT ("append")
                      d -- DELETE
                      x -- REFERENCES
                      t -- TRIGGER
                      X -- EXECUTE
                      U -- USAGE
                      C -- CREATE
                      c -- CONNECT
                      T -- TEMPORARY
                 arwdxt -- ALL PRIVILEGES (for tables)
                      * -- grant option for preceding privilege

                  /yyyy -- user who granted this privilege

The above example display would be seen by user `miriam` after creating table `mytable` and doing

    GRANT SELECT ON mytable TO PUBLIC;
    GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT ON mytable TO GROUP todos;

If the "Access privileges" column is empty for a given object, it means the object has default privileges (that is, its privileges column is null). Default privileges always include all privileges for the owner, and may include some privileges for `PUBLIC` depending on the object type, as explained above. The first `GRANT` or `REVOKE` on an object will instantiate the default privileges (producing, for example, `{miriam=arwdxt/miriam}`) and then modify them per the specified request.

Notice that the owner's implicit grant options are not marked in the access privileges display. A `*` will appear only when grant options have been explicitly granted to someone.

## Examples

Grant insert privilege to all users on table `films`:

    GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;

Grant all available privileges to user `manuel` on view `kinds`:

    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON kinds TO manuel;

Note that while the above will indeed grant all privileges if executed by a superuser or the owner of `kinds`, when executed by someone else it will only grant those permissions for which the someone else has grant options.

Grant membership in role `admins` to user `joe`:

    GRANT admins TO joe;

## Compatibility

According to the SQL standard, the `PRIVILEGES` key word in `ALL PRIVILEGES` is required. The SQL standard does not support setting the privileges on more than one object per command.

PostgreSQL allows an object owner to revoke his own ordinary privileges: for example, a table owner can make the table read-only to himself by revoking his own INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE privileges. This is not possible according to the SQL standard. The reason is that PostgreSQL treats the owner's privileges as having been granted by the owner to himself; therefore he can revoke them too. In the SQL standard, the owner's privileges are granted by an assumed entity "_SYSTEM". Not being "_SYSTEM", the owner cannot revoke these rights.

The SQL standard allows setting privileges for individual columns within a table:

    GRANT privileges
        ON table [ ( column [, ...] ) ] [, ...]
        TO { PUBLIC | username [, ...] } [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

The SQL standard provides for a `USAGE` privilege on other kinds of objects: character sets, collations, translations, domains.

Privileges on databases, tablespaces, schemas, and languages are PostgreSQL extensions.

## See Also

REVOKE

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