PostgreSQL 8.2.11 Documentation
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# E.48. Release 8.0

> Release date: 2005-01-19

## E.48.1. Overview

Major changes in this release:

Microsoft Windows Native Server

  This is the first PostgreSQL release to run natively on Microsoft Windows® as a server. It can run as a Windows service. This release supports NT-based Windows releases like Windows 2000 SP4, Windows XP, and Windows 2003. Older releases like Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME are not supported because these operating systems do not have the infrastructure to support PostgreSQL. A separate installer project has been created to ease installation on Windows — see http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/win32/.

  Although tested throughout our release cycle, the Windows port does not have the benefit of years of use in production environments that PostgreSQL has on Unix platforms. Therefore it should be treated with the same level of caution as you would a new product.

  Previous releases required the Unix emulation toolkit Cygwin in order to run the server on Windows operating systems. PostgreSQL has supported native clients on Windows for many years.

Savepoints

  Savepoints allow specific parts of a transaction to be aborted without affecting the remainder of the transaction. Prior releases had no such capability; there was no way to recover from a statement failure within a transaction except by aborting the whole transaction. This feature is valuable for application writers who require error recovery within a complex transaction.

Point-In-Time Recovery

  In previous releases there was no way to recover from disk drive failure except to restore from a previous backup or use a standby replication server. Point-in-time recovery allows continuous backup of the server. You can recover either to the point of failure or to some transaction in the past.

Tablespaces

  Tablespaces allow administrators to select different file systems for storage of individual tables, indexes, and databases. This improves performance and control over disk space usage. Prior releases used initlocation and manual symlink management for such tasks.

Improved Buffer Management, `CHECKPOINT`, `VACUUM`

  This release has a more intelligent buffer replacement strategy, which will make better use of available shared buffers and improve performance. The performance impact of vacuum and checkpoints is also lessened.

Change Column Types

  A column's data type can now be changed with `ALTER TABLE`.

New Perl Server-Side Language

  A new version of the plperl server-side language now supports a persistent shared storage area, triggers, returning records and arrays of records, and SPI calls to access the database.

Comma-separated-value (CSV) support in `COPY`

  `COPY` can now read and write comma-separated-value files. It has the flexibility to interpret nonstandard quoting and separation characters too.

## E.48.2. Migration to Version 8.0

A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.

Observe the following incompatibilities:

- In `READ COMMITTED` serialization mode, volatile functions now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the beginning of the interactive command that called the function.

- Functions declared `STABLE` or `IMMUTABLE` always use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in their own transaction or other transactions. Such a function must be read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than `SELECT`.

- Nondeferred `AFTER` triggers are now fired immediately after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon finishing the current interactive command. This makes a difference when the triggering query occurred within a function: the trigger is invoked before the function proceeds to its next operation.

- Server configuration parameters `virtual_host` and `tcpip_socket` have been replaced with a more general parameter `listen_addresses`. Also, the server now listens on `localhost` by default, which eliminates the need for the `-i` postmaster switch in many scenarios.

- Server configuration parameters `SortMem` and `VacuumMem` have been renamed to `work_mem` and `maintenance_work_mem` to better reflect their use. The original names are still supported in `SET` and `SHOW`.

- Server configuration parameters `log_pid`, `log_timestamp`, and `log_source_port` have been replaced with a more general parameter `log_line_prefix`.

- Server configuration parameter `syslog` has been replaced with a more logical `log_destination` variable to control the log output destination.

- Server configuration parameter `log_statement` has been changed so it can selectively log just database modification or data definition statements. Server configuration parameter `log_duration` now prints only when `log_statement` prints the query.

- Server configuration parameter `max_expr_depth` parameter has been replaced with `max_stack_depth` which measures the physical stack size rather than the expression nesting depth. This helps prevent session termination due to stack overflow caused by recursive functions.

- The `length()` function no longer counts trailing spaces in `CHAR(n)` values.

- Casting an integer to `BIT(N)` selects the rightmost N bits of the integer, not the leftmost N bits as before.

- Updating an element or slice of a NULL array value now produces a nonnull array result, namely an array containing just the assigned-to positions.

- Syntax checking of array input values has been tightened up considerably. Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with odd results now causes an error. Empty-string element values must now be written as `""`, rather than writing nothing. Also changed behavior with respect to whitespace surrounding array elements: trailing whitespace is now ignored, for symmetry with leading whitespace (which has always been ignored).

- Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected and reported as an error.

- The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte `"char"` data type have been removed.

- The `extract()` function (also called `date_part`) now returns the proper year for BC dates. It previously returned one less than the correct year. The function now also returns the proper values for millennium and century.

- `CIDR` values now must have their nonmasked bits be zero. For example, we no longer allow `204.248.199.1/31` as a `CIDR` value. Such values should never have been accepted by PostgreSQL and will now be rejected.

- `EXECUTE` now returns a completion tag that matches the executed statement.

- psql's `\copy` command now reads or writes to the query's `stdin/stdout`, rather than psql's `stdin/stdout`. The previous behavior can be accessed via new `pstdin`/`pstdout` parameters.

- The JDBC client interface has been removed from the core distribution, and is now hosted at http://jdbc.postgresql.org.

- The Tcl client interface has also been removed. There are several Tcl interfaces now hosted at http://gborg.postgresql.org.

- The server now uses its own time zone database, rather than the one supplied by the operating system. This will provide consistent behavior across all platforms. In most cases, there should be little noticeable difference in time zone behavior, except that the time zone names used by `SET`/`SHOW` `TimeZone` might be different from what your platform provides.

- Configure's threading option no longer requires users to run tests or edit configuration files; threading options are now detected automatically.

- Now that tablespaces have been implemented, initlocation has been removed.

- The API for user-defined GiST indexes has been changed. The Union and PickSplit methods are now passed a pointer to a special `GistEntryVector` structure, rather than a `bytea`.

## E.48.3. Deprecated Features

Some aspects of PostgreSQL's behavior have been determined to be suboptimal. For the sake of backward compatibility these have not been removed in 8.0, but they are considered deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.

- The 8.1 release will remove the `to_char()` function for intervals.

- The server now warns of empty strings passed to `oid`/`float4`/`float8` data types, but continues to interpret them as zeroes as before. In the next major release, empty strings will be considered invalid input for these data types.

- By default, tables in PostgreSQL 8.0 and earlier are created with `OID`s. In the next release, this will not be the case: to create a table that contains `OID`s, the `WITH OIDS` clause must be specified or the `default_with_oids` configuration parameter must be set. Users are encouraged to explicitly specify `WITH OIDS` if their tables require OIDs for compatibility with future releases of PostgreSQL.

## E.48.4. Changes

Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between release 8.0 and the previous major release.

### E.48.4.1. Performance Improvements

- Support cross-data-type index usage (Tom)

  Before this change, many queries would not use an index if the data types did not match exactly. This improvement makes index usage more intuitive and consistent.

- New buffer replacement strategy that improves caching (Jan)

  Prior releases used a least-recently-used (LRU) cache to keep recently referenced pages in memory. The LRU algorithm did not consider the number of times a specific cache entry was accessed, so large table scans could force out useful cache pages. The new cache algorithm uses four separate lists to track most recently used and most frequently used cache pages and dynamically optimize their replacement based on the work load. This should lead to much more efficient use of the shared buffer cache. Administrators who have tested shared buffer sizes in the past should retest with this new cache replacement policy.

- Add subprocess to write dirty buffers periodically to reduce checkpoint writes (Jan)

  In previous releases, the checkpoint process, which runs every few minutes, would write all dirty buffers to the operating system's buffer cache then flush all dirty operating system buffers to disk. This resulted in a periodic spike in disk usage that often hurt performance. The new code uses a background writer to trickle disk writes at a steady pace so checkpoints have far fewer dirty pages to write to disk. Also, the new code does not issue a global `sync()` call, but instead `fsync()`s just the files written since the last checkpoint. This should improve performance and minimize degradation during checkpoints.

- Add ability to prolong vacuum to reduce performance impact (Jan)

  On busy systems, `VACUUM` performs many I/O requests which can hurt performance for other users. This release allows you to slow down `VACUUM` to reduce its impact on other users, though this increases the total duration of `VACUUM`.

- Improve B-tree index performance for duplicate keys (Dmitry Tkach, Tom)

  This improves the way indexes are scanned when many duplicate values exist in the index.

- Use dynamically-generated table size estimates while planning (Tom)

  Formerly the planner estimated table sizes using the values seen by the last `VACUUM` or `ANALYZE`, both as to physical table size (number of pages) and number of rows. Now, the current physical table size is obtained from the kernel, and the number of rows is estimated by multiplying the table size by the row density (rows per page) seen by the last `VACUUM` or `ANALYZE`. This should produce more reliable estimates in cases where the table size has changed significantly since the last housekeeping command.

- Improved index usage with `OR` clauses (Tom)

  This allows the optimizer to use indexes in statements with many OR clauses that would not have been indexed in the past. It can also use multi-column indexes where the first column is specified and the second column is part of an `OR` clause.

- Improve matching of partial index clauses (Tom)

  The server is now smarter about using partial indexes in queries involving complex `WHERE` clauses.

- Improve performance of the GEQO optimizer (Tom)

  The GEQO optimizer is used to plan queries involving many tables (by default, twelve or more). This release speeds up the way queries are analyzed to decrease time spent in optimization.

- Miscellaneous optimizer improvements

  There is not room here to list all the minor improvements made, but numerous special cases work better than in prior releases.

- Improve lookup speed for C functions (Tom)

  This release uses a hash table to lookup information for dynamically loaded C functions. This improves their speed so they perform nearly as quickly as functions that are built into the server executable.

- Add type-specific `ANALYZE` statistics capability (Mark Cave-Ayland)

  This feature allows more flexibility in generating statistics for nonstandard data types.

- `ANALYZE` now collects statistics for expression indexes (Tom)

  Expression indexes (also called functional indexes) allow users to index not just columns but the results of expressions and function calls. With this release, the optimizer can gather and use statistics about the contents of expression indexes. This will greatly improve the quality of planning for queries in which an expression index is relevant.

- New two-stage sampling method for `ANALYZE` (Manfred Koizar)

  This gives better statistics when the density of valid rows is very different in different regions of a table.

- Speed up `TRUNCATE` (Tom)

  This buys back some of the performance loss observed in 7.4, while still keeping `TRUNCATE` transaction-safe.

### E.48.4.2. Server Changes

- Add WAL file archiving and point-in-time recovery (Simon Riggs)

- Add tablespaces so admins can control disk layout (Gavin)

- Add a built-in log rotation program (Andreas Pflug)

  It is now possible to log server messages conveniently without relying on either syslog or an external log rotation program.

- Add new read-only server configuration parameters to show server compile-time settings: `block_size`, `integer_datetimes`, `max_function_args`, `max_identifier_length`, `max_index_keys` (Joe)

- Make quoting of `sameuser`, `samegroup`, and `all` remove special meaning of these terms in `pg_hba.conf` (Andrew)

- Use clearer IPv6 name `::1/128` for `localhost` in default `pg_hba.conf` (Andrew)

- Use CIDR format in `pg_hba.conf` examples (Andrew)

- Rename server configuration parameters `SortMem` and `VacuumMem` to `work_mem` and `maintenance_work_mem` (Old names still supported) (Tom)

  This change was made to clarify that bulk operations such as index and foreign key creation use `maintenance_work_mem`, while `work_mem` is for workspaces used during query execution.

- Allow logging of session disconnections using server configuration `log_disconnections` (Andrew)

- Add new server configuration parameter `log_line_prefix` to allow control of information emitted in each log line (Andrew)

  Available information includes user name, database name, remote IP address, and session start time.

- Remove server configuration parameters `log_pid`, `log_timestamp`, `log_source_port`; functionality superseded by `log_line_prefix` (Andrew)

- Replace the `virtual_host` and `tcpip_socket` parameters with a unified `listen_addresses` parameter (Andrew, Tom)

  `virtual_host` could only specify a single IP address to listen on. `listen_addresses` allows multiple addresses to be specified.

- Listen on localhost by default, which eliminates the need for the `-i` postmaster switch in many scenarios (Andrew)

  Listening on localhost (`127.0.0.1`) opens no new security holes but allows configurations like Windows and JDBC, which do not support local sockets, to work without special adjustments.

- Remove `syslog` server configuration parameter, and add more logical `log_destination` variable to control log output location (Magnus)

- Change server configuration parameter `log_statement` to take values `all`, `mod`, `ddl`, or `none` to select which queries are logged (Bruce)

  This allows administrators to log only data definition changes or only data modification statements.

- Some logging-related configuration parameters could formerly be adjusted by ordinary users, but only in the "more verbose" direction. They are now treated more strictly: only superusers can set them. However, a superuser can use `ALTER USER` to provide per-user settings of these values for non-superusers. Also, it is now possible for superusers to set values of superuser-only configuration parameters via `PGOPTIONS`.

- Allow configuration files to be placed outside the data directory (mlw)

  By default, configuration files are kept in the cluster's top directory. With this addition, configuration files can be placed outside the data directory, easing administration.

- Plan prepared queries only when first executed so constants can be used for statistics (Oliver Jowett)

  Prepared statements plan queries once and execute them many times. While prepared queries avoid the overhead of re-planning on each use, the quality of the plan suffers from not knowing the exact parameters to be used in the query. In this release, planning of unnamed prepared statements is delayed until the first execution, and the actual parameter values of that execution are used as optimization hints. This allows use of out-of-line parameter passing without incurring a performance penalty.

- Allow `DECLARE CURSOR` to take parameters (Oliver Jowett)

  It is now useful to issue `DECLARE CURSOR` in a `Parse` message with parameters. The parameter values sent at `Bind` time will be substituted into the execution of the cursor's query.

- Fix hash joins and aggregates of `inet` and `cidr` data types (Tom)

  Release 7.4 handled hashing of mixed `inet` and `cidr` values incorrectly. (This bug did not exist in prior releases because they wouldn't try to hash either data type.)

- Make `log_duration` print only when `log_statement` prints the query (Ed L.)

### E.48.4.3. Query Changes

- Add savepoints (nested transactions) (Alvaro)

- Unsupported isolation levels are now accepted and promoted to the nearest supported level (Peter)

  The SQL specification states that if a database doesn't support a specific isolation level, it should use the next more restrictive level. This change complies with that recommendation.

- Allow `BEGIN WORK` to specify transaction isolation levels like `START TRANSACTION` does (Bruce)

- Fix table permission checking for cases in which rules generate a query type different from the originally submitted query (Tom)

- Implement dollar quoting to simplify single-quote usage (Andrew, Tom, David Fetter)

  In previous releases, because single quotes had to be used to quote a function's body, the use of single quotes inside the function text required use of two single quotes or other error-prone notations. With this release we add the ability to use "dollar quoting" to quote a block of text. The ability to use different quoting delimiters at different nesting levels greatly simplifies the task of quoting correctly, especially in complex functions. Dollar quoting can be used anywhere quoted text is needed.

- Make `CASE val WHEN compval1 THEN ...` evaluate `val` only once (Tom)

  `CASE` no longer evaluates the tested expression multiple times. This has benefits when the expression is complex or is volatile.

- Test `HAVING` before computing target list of an aggregate query (Tom)

  Fixes improper failure of cases such as `SELECT SUM(win)/SUM(lose) ... GROUP BY ... HAVING SUM(lose) > 0`. This should work but formerly could fail with divide-by-zero.

- Replace `max_expr_depth` parameter with `max_stack_depth` parameter, measured in kilobytes of stack size (Tom)

  This gives us a fairly bulletproof defense against crashing due to runaway recursive functions. Instead of measuring the depth of expression nesting, we now directly measure the size of the execution stack.

- Allow arbitrary row expressions (Tom)

  This release allows SQL expressions to contain arbitrary composite types, that is, row values. It also allows functions to more easily take rows as arguments and return row values.

- Allow `LIKE`/`ILIKE` to be used as the operator in row and subselect comparisons (Fabien Coelho)

- Avoid locale-specific case conversion of basic ASCII letters in identifiers and keywords (Tom)

  This solves the "Turkish problem" with mangling of words containing `I` and `i`. Folding of characters outside the 7-bit-ASCII set is still locale-aware.

- Improve syntax error reporting (Fabien, Tom)

  Syntax error reports are more useful than before.

- Change `EXECUTE` to return a completion tag matching the executed statement (Kris Jurka)

  Previous releases return an `EXECUTE` tag for any `EXECUTE` call. In this release, the tag returned will reflect the command executed.

- Avoid emitting `NATURAL CROSS JOIN` in rule listings (Tom)

  Such a clause makes no logical sense, but in some cases the rule decompiler formerly produced this syntax.

### E.48.4.4. Object Manipulation Changes

- Add `COMMENT ON` for casts, conversions, languages, operator classes, and large objects (Christopher)

- Add new server configuration parameter `default_with_oids` to control whether tables are created with `OID`s by default (Neil)

  This allows administrators to control whether `CREATE TABLE` commands create tables with or without `OID` columns by default. (Note: the current factory default setting for `default_with_oids` is `TRUE`, but the default will become `FALSE` in future releases.)

- Add `WITH` / `WITHOUT OIDS` clause to `CREATE TABLE AS` (Neil)

- Allow `ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN` to drop an `OID` column (`ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS` still works) (Tom)

- Allow composite types as table columns (Tom)

- Allow `ALTER ... ADD COLUMN` with defaults and `NOT NULL` constraints; works per SQL spec (Rod)

  It is now possible for `ADD COLUMN` to create a column that is not initially filled with NULLs, but with a specified default value.

- Add `ALTER COLUMN TYPE` to change column's type (Rod)

  It is now possible to alter a column's data type without dropping and re-adding the column.

- Allow multiple `ALTER` actions in a single `ALTER TABLE` command (Rod)

  This is particularly useful for `ALTER` commands that rewrite the table (which include `ALTER COLUMN TYPE` and `ADD COLUMN` with a default). By grouping `ALTER` commands together, the table need be rewritten only once.

- Allow `ALTER TABLE` to add `SERIAL` columns (Tom)

  This falls out from the new capability of specifying defaults for new columns.

- Allow changing the owners of aggregates, conversions, databases, functions, operators, operator classes, schemas, types, and tablespaces (Christopher, Euler Taveira de Oliveira)

  Previously this required modifying the system tables directly.

- Allow temporary object creation to be limited to `SECURITY DEFINER` functions (Sean Chittenden)

- Add `ALTER TABLE ... SET WITHOUT CLUSTER` (Christopher)

  Prior to this release, there was no way to clear an auto-cluster specification except to modify the system tables.

- Constraint/Index/`SERIAL` names are now `table_column_type` with numbers appended to guarantee uniqueness within the schema (Tom)

  The SQL specification states that such names should be unique within a schema.

- Add `pg_get_serial_sequence()` to return a `SERIAL` column's sequence name (Christopher)

  This allows automated scripts to reliably find the `SERIAL` sequence name.

- Warn when primary/foreign key data type mismatch requires costly lookup

- New `ALTER INDEX` command to allow moving of indexes between tablespaces (Gavin)

- Make `ALTER TABLE OWNER` change dependent sequence ownership too (Alvaro)

### E.48.4.5. Utility Command Changes

- Allow `CREATE SCHEMA` to create triggers, indexes, and sequences (Neil)

- Add `ALSO` keyword to `CREATE RULE` (Fabien Coelho)

  This allows `ALSO` to be added to rule creation to contrast it with `INSTEAD` rules.

- Add `NOWAIT` option to `LOCK` (Tatsuo)

  This allows the `LOCK` command to fail if it would have to wait for the requested lock.

- Allow `COPY` to read and write comma-separated-value (CSV) files (Andrew, Bruce)

- Generate error if the `COPY` delimiter and NULL string conflict (Bruce)

- `GRANT`/`REVOKE` behavior follows the SQL spec more closely

- Avoid locking conflict between `CREATE INDEX` and `CHECKPOINT` (Tom)

  In 7.3 and 7.4, a long-running B-tree index build could block concurrent `CHECKPOINT`s from completing, thereby causing WAL bloat because the WAL log could not be recycled.

- Database-wide `ANALYZE` does not hold locks across tables (Tom)

  This reduces the potential for deadlocks against other backends that want exclusive locks on tables. To get the benefit of this change, do not execute database-wide `ANALYZE` inside a transaction block (`BEGIN` block); it must be able to commit and start a new transaction for each table.

- `REINDEX` does not exclusively lock the index's parent table anymore

  The index itself is still exclusively locked, but readers of the table can continue if they are not using the particular index being rebuilt.

- Erase MD5 user passwords when a user is renamed (Bruce)

  PostgreSQL uses the user name as salt when encrypting passwords via MD5. When a user's name is changed, the salt will no longer match the stored MD5 password, so the stored password becomes useless. In this release a notice is generated and the password is cleared. A new password must then be assigned if the user is to be able to log in with a password.

- New pg_ctl `kill` option for Windows (Andrew)

  Windows does not have a `kill` command to send signals to backends so this capability was added to pg_ctl.

- Information schema improvements

- Add `--pwfile` option to initdb so the initial password can be set by GUI tools (Magnus)

- Detect locale/encoding mismatch in initdb (Peter)

- Add `register` command to pg_ctl to register Windows operating system service (Dave Page)

### E.48.4.6. Data Type and Function Changes

- More complete support for composite types (row types) (Tom)

  Composite values can be used in many places where only scalar values worked before.

- Reject nonrectangular array values as erroneous (Joe)

  Formerly, `array_in` would silently build a surprising result.

- Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected (Tom)

- The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte `"char"` data type have been removed.

  Formerly, the parser would select these operators in many situations where an "unable to select an operator" error would be more appropriate, such as `null * null`. If you actually want to do arithmetic on a `"char"` column, you can cast it to integer explicitly.

- Syntax checking of array input values considerably tightened up (Joe)

  Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with odd results now causes an `ERROR`, for example, non-whitespace after the closing right brace.

- Empty-string array element values must now be written as `""`, rather than writing nothing (Joe)

  Formerly, both ways of writing an empty-string element value were allowed, but now a quoted empty string is required. The case where nothing at all appears will probably be considered to be a NULL element value in some future release.

- Array element trailing whitespace is now ignored (Joe)

  Formerly leading whitespace was ignored, but trailing whitespace between an element value and the delimiter or right brace was significant. Now trailing whitespace is also ignored.

- Emit array values with explicit array bounds when lower bound is not one (Joe)

- Accept `YYYY-monthname-DD` as a date string (Tom)

- Make `netmask` and `hostmask` functions return maximum-length mask length (Tom)

- Change factorial function to return `numeric` (Gavin)

  Returning `numeric` allows the factorial function to work for a wider range of input values.

- `to_char`/`to_date()` date conversion improvements (Kurt Roeckx, Fabien Coelho)

- Make `length()` disregard trailing spaces in `CHAR(n)` (Gavin)

  This change was made to improve consistency: trailing spaces are semantically insignificant in `CHAR(n)` data, so they should not be counted by `length()`.

- Warn about empty string being passed to `OID`/`float4`/`float8` data types (Neil)

  8.1 will throw an error instead.

- Allow leading or trailing whitespace in `int2`/`int4`/`int8`/`float4`/`float8` input routines (Neil)

- Better support for IEEE `Infinity` and `NaN` values in `float4`/`float8` (Neil)

  These should now work on all platforms that support IEEE-compliant floating point arithmetic.

- Add `week` option to `date_trunc()` (Robert Creager)

- Fix `to_char` for `1 BC` (previously it returned `1 AD`) (Bruce)

- Fix `date_part(year)` for BC dates (previously it returned one less than the correct year) (Bruce)

- Fix `date_part()` to return the proper millennium and century (Fabien Coelho)

  In previous versions, the century and millennium results had a wrong number and started in the wrong year, as compared to standard reckoning of such things.

- Add `ceiling()` as an alias for `ceil()`, and `power()` as an alias for `pow()` for standards compliance (Neil)

- Change `ln()`, `log()`, `power()`, and `sqrt()` to emit the correct `SQLSTATE` error codes for certain error conditions, as specified by SQL:2003 (Neil)

- Add `width_bucket()` function as defined by SQL:2003 (Neil)

- Add `generate_series()` functions to simplify working with numeric sets (Joe)

- Fix `upper/lower/initcap()` functions to work with multibyte encodings (Tom)

- Add boolean and bitwise integer `AND`/`OR` aggregates (Fabien Coelho)

- New session information functions to return network addresses for client and server (Sean Chittenden)

- Add function to determine the area of a closed path (Sean Chittenden)

- Add function to send cancel request to other backends (Magnus)

- Add `interval` plus `datetime` operators (Tom)

  The reverse ordering, `datetime` plus `interval`, was already supported, but both are required by the SQL standard.

- Casting an integer to `BIT(N)` selects the rightmost N bits of the integer (Tom)

  In prior releases, the leftmost N bits were selected, but this was deemed unhelpful, not to mention inconsistent with casting from bit to int.

- Require `CIDR` values to have all nonmasked bits be zero (Kevin Brintnall)

### E.48.4.7. Server-Side Language Changes

- In `READ COMMITTED` serialization mode, volatile functions now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the beginning of the interactive command that called the function.

- Functions declared `STABLE` or `IMMUTABLE` always use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in their own transaction or other transactions. Such a function must be read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than `SELECT`. There is a considerable performance gain from declaring a function `STABLE` or `IMMUTABLE` rather than `VOLATILE`.

- Nondeferred `AFTER` triggers are now fired immediately after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon finishing the current interactive command. This makes a difference when the triggering query occurred within a function: the trigger is invoked before the function proceeds to its next operation. For example, if a function inserts a new row into a table, any nondeferred foreign key checks occur before proceeding with the function.

- Allow function parameters to be declared with names (Dennis Björklund)

  This allows better documentation of functions. Whether the names actually do anything depends on the specific function language being used.

- Allow PL/pgSQL parameter names to be referenced in the function (Dennis Björklund)

  This basically creates an automatic alias for each named parameter.

- Do minimal syntax checking of PL/pgSQL functions at creation time (Tom)

  This allows us to catch simple syntax errors sooner.

- More support for composite types (row and record variables) in PL/pgSQL

  For example, it now works to pass a rowtype variable to another function as a single variable.

- Default values for PL/pgSQL variables can now reference previously declared variables

- Improve parsing of PL/pgSQL FOR loops (Tom)

  Parsing is now driven by presence of `".."` rather than data type of `FOR` variable. This makes no difference for correct functions, but should result in more understandable error messages when a mistake is made.

- Major overhaul of PL/Perl server-side language (Command Prompt, Andrew Dunstan)

- In PL/Tcl, SPI commands are now run in subtransactions. If an error occurs, the subtransaction is cleaned up and the error is reported as an ordinary Tcl error, which can be trapped with `catch`. Formerly, it was not possible to catch such errors.

- Accept `ELSEIF` in PL/pgSQL (Neil)

  Previously PL/pgSQL only allowed `ELSIF`, but many people are accustomed to spelling this keyword `ELSEIF`.

### E.48.4.8. psql Changes

- Improve psql information display about database objects (Christopher)

- Allow psql to display group membership in `\du` and `\dg` (Markus Bertheau)

- Prevent psql `\dn` from showing temporary schemas (Bruce)

- Allow psql to handle tilde user expansion for file names (Zach Irmen)

- Allow psql to display fancy prompts, including color, via readline (Reece Hart, Chet Ramey)

- Make psql `\copy` match `COPY` command syntax fully (Tom)

- Show the location of syntax errors (Fabien Coelho, Tom)

- Add `CLUSTER` information to psql `\d` display (Bruce)

- Change psql `\copy stdin/stdout` to read from command input/output (Bruce)

- Add `pstdin`/`pstdout` to read from psql's `stdin`/`stdout` (Mark Feit)

- Add global psql configuration file, `psqlrc.sample` (Bruce)

  This allows a central file where global psql startup commands can be stored.

- Have psql `\d+` indicate if the table has an `OID` column (Neil)

- On Windows, use binary mode in psql when reading files so control-Z is not seen as end-of-file

- Have `\dn+` show permissions and description for schemas (Dennis Björklund)

- Improve tab completion support (Stefan Kaltenbrunn, Greg Sabino Mullane)

- Allow boolean settings to be set using upper or lower case (Michael Paesold)

### E.48.4.9. pg_dump Changes

- Use dependency information to improve the reliability of pg_dump (Tom)

  This should solve the longstanding problems with related objects sometimes being dumped in the wrong order.

- Have pg_dump output objects in alphabetical order if possible (Tom)

  This should make it easier to identify changes between dump files.

- Allow pg_restore to ignore some SQL errors (Fabien Coelho)

  This makes pg_restore's behavior similar to the results of feeding a pg_dump output script to psql. In most cases, ignoring errors and plowing ahead is the most useful thing to do. Also added was a pg_restore option to give the old behavior of exiting on an error.

- pg_restore `-l` display now includes objects' schema names

- New begin/end markers in pg_dump text output (Bruce)

- Add start/stop times for pg_dump/pg_dumpall in verbose mode (Bruce)

- Allow most pg_dump options in pg_dumpall (Christopher)

- Have pg_dump use `ALTER OWNER` rather than `SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION` by default (Christopher)

### E.48.4.10. libpq Changes

- Make libpq's `SIGPIPE` handling thread-safe (Bruce)

- Add `PQmbdsplen()` which returns the display length of a character (Tatsuo)

- Add thread locking to SSL and Kerberos connections (Manfred Spraul)

- Allow `PQoidValue()`, `PQcmdTuples()`, and `PQoidStatus()` to work on `EXECUTE` commands (Neil)

- Add `PQserverVersion()` to provide more convenient access to the server version number (Greg Sabino Mullane)

- Add `PQprepare/PQsendPrepared()` functions to support preparing statements without necessarily specifying the data types of their parameters (Abhijit Menon-Sen)

- Many ECPG improvements, including `SET DESCRIPTOR` (Michael)

### E.48.4.11. Source Code Changes

- Allow the database server to run natively on Windows (Claudio, Magnus, Andrew)

- Shell script commands converted to C versions for Windows support (Andrew)

- Create an extension makefile framework (Fabien Coelho, Peter)

  This simplifies the task of building extensions outside the original source tree.

- Support relocatable installations (Bruce)

  Directory paths for installed files (such as the `/share` directory) are now computed relative to the actual location of the executables, so that an installation tree can be moved to another place without reconfiguring and rebuilding.

- Use `--with-docdir` to choose installation location of documentation; also allow `--infodir` (Peter)

- Add `--without-docdir` to prevent installation of documentation (Peter)

- Upgrade to DocBook V4.2 SGML (Peter)

- New `PostgreSQL` CVS tag (Marc)

  This was done to make it easier for organizations to manage their own copies of the PostgreSQL CVS repository. File version stamps from the master repository will not get munged by checking into or out of a copied repository.

- Clarify locking code (Manfred Koizar)

- Buffer manager cleanup (Neil)

- Decouple platform tests from CPU spinlock code (Bruce, Tom)

- Add inlined test-and-set code on PA-RISC for gcc (ViSolve, Tom)

- Improve i386 spinlock code (Manfred Spraul)

- Clean up spinlock assembly code to avoid warnings from newer gcc releases (Tom)

- Remove JDBC from source tree; now a separate project

- Remove the libpgtcl client interface; now a separate project

- More accurately estimate memory and file descriptor usage (Tom)

- Improvements to the Mac OS X startup scripts (Ray A.)

- New `fsync()` test program (Bruce)

- Major documentation improvements (Neil, Peter)

- Remove pg_encoding; not needed anymore

- Remove pg_id; not needed anymore

- Remove initlocation; not needed anymore

- Auto-detect thread flags (no more manual testing) (Bruce)

- Use Olson's public domain timezone library (Magnus)

- With threading enabled, use thread flags on Unixware for backend executables too (Bruce)

  Unixware cannot mix threaded and nonthreaded object files in the same executable, so everything must be compiled as threaded.

- psql now uses a flex-generated lexical analyzer to process command strings

- Reimplement the linked list data structure used throughout the backend (Neil)

  This improves performance by allowing list append and length operations to be more efficient.

- Allow dynamically loaded modules to create their own server configuration parameters (Thomas Hallgren)

- New Brazilian version of FAQ (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)

- Add French FAQ (Guillaume Lelarge)

- New pgevent for Windows logging

- Make libpq and ECPG build as proper shared libraries on OS X (Tom)

### E.48.4.12. Contrib Changes

- Overhaul of `contrib/dblink` (Joe)

- `contrib/dbmirror` improvements (Steven Singer)

- New `contrib/xml2` (John Gray, Torchbox)

- Updated `contrib/mysql`

- New version of `contrib/btree_gist` (Teodor)

- New `contrib/trgm`, trigram matching for PostgreSQL (Teodor)

- Many `contrib/tsearch2` improvements (Teodor)

- Add double metaphone to `contrib/fuzzystrmatch` (Andrew)

- Allow `contrib/pg_autovacuum` to run as a Windows service (Dave Page)

- Add functions to `contrib/dbsize` (Andreas Pflug)

- Removed `contrib/pg_logger`: obsoleted by integrated logging subprocess

- Removed `contrib/rserv`: obsoleted by various separate projects

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