#### 6.1.1 Basic Usage and Examples

Here are some examples of using data structures in Octave.

Elements of structures can be of any value type. For example, the three expressions

         x.a = 1;
         x.b = [1, 2; 3, 4];
         x.c = "string";

create a structure with three elements. The ‘`.`’ character separates the structure name from the field name and indicates to Octave that this variable is a structure. To print the value of the structure you can type its name, just as for any other variable:

         x
              ⇒ x =
                 {
                   a = 1
                   b =

                     1  2
                     3  4

                   c = string
                 }

Note that Octave may print the elements in any order.

Structures may be copied just like any other variable:

         y = x
              ⇒ y =
                 {
                   a = 1
                   b =

                     1  2
                     3  4

                   c = string
                 }

Since structures are themselves values, structure elements may reference other structures. The following statements change the value of the element `b` of the structure `x` to be a data structure containing the single element `d`, which has a value of 3.

         x.b.d = 3;
         x.b
              ⇒ ans =
                 {
                   d = 3
                 }

         x
              ⇒ x =
                 {
                   a = 1
                   b =
                   {
                     d = 3
                   }

                   c = string
                 }

Note that when Octave prints the value of a structure that contains other structures, only a few levels are displayed. For example:

         a.b.c.d.e = 1;
         a
              ⇒ a =
                 {
                   b =
                   {
                     c =
                     {
                       1x1 struct array containing the fields:

                       d: 1x1 struct
                     }
                   }
                 }

This prevents long and confusing output from large deeply nested structures. The number of levels to print for nested structures may be set with the function `struct_levels_to_print`, and the function `print_struct_array_contents` may be used to enable printing of the contents of structure arrays.

— Built-in Function: val = struct_levels_to_print ()
— Built-in Function: old_val = struct_levels_to_print (new_val)
— Built-in Function: struct_levels_to_print (new_val, "local")

> Query or set the internal variable that specifies the number of structure levels to display.

> When called from inside a function with the "local" option, the variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls. The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.

— Built-in Function: val = print_struct_array_contents ()
— Built-in Function: old_val = print_struct_array_contents (new_val)
— Built-in Function: print_struct_array_contents (new_val, "local")

> Query or set the internal variable that specifies whether to print struct array contents. If true, values of struct array elements are printed. This variable does not affect scalar structures. Their elements are always printed. In both cases, however, printing will be limited to the number of levels specified by struct_levels_to_print.

> When called from inside a function with the "local" option, the variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls. The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.

Functions can return structures. For example, the following function separates the real and complex parts of a matrix and stores them in two elements of the same structure variable.

         function y = f (x)
           y.re = real (x);
           y.im = imag (x);
         endfunction

When called with a complex-valued argument, `f` returns the data structure containing the real and imaginary parts of the original function argument.

         f (rand (2) + rand (2) * I)
              ⇒ ans =
                 {
                   im =

                     0.26475  0.14828
                     0.18436  0.83669

                   re =

                     0.040239  0.242160
                     0.238081  0.402523

                 }

Function return lists can include structure elements, and they may be indexed like any other variable. For example:

         [ x.u, x.s(2:3,2:3), x.v ] = svd ([1, 2; 3, 4]);
         x
              ⇒ x =
                 {
                   u =

                     -0.40455  -0.91451
                     -0.91451   0.40455

                   s =

                      0.00000   0.00000   0.00000
                      0.00000   5.46499   0.00000
                      0.00000   0.00000   0.36597

                   v =

                     -0.57605   0.81742
                     -0.81742  -0.57605

                 }

It is also possible to cycle through all the elements of a structure in a loop, using a special form of the `for` statement (see Looping Over Structure Elements).