### 28.2 Finding Roots

Octave can find the roots of a given polynomial. This is done by computing the companion matrix of the polynomial (see the `compan` function for a definition), and then finding its eigenvalues.

Function File: roots (v)

  For a vector v with N components, return the roots of the polynomial

      v(1) * z^(N-1) + … + v(N-1) * z + v(N)

  As an example, the following code finds the roots of the quadratic polynomial

      p(x) = x^2 - 5.

      c = [1, 0, -5];
      roots (c)
      ⇒  2.2361
      ⇒ -2.2361

  Note that the true result is +/- sqrt(5) which is roughly +/- 2.2361.

  See also: poly, compan, fzero.

Function File: z = polyeig (C0, C1, …, Cl)
Function File: [v, z] = polyeig (C0, C1, …, Cl)

  Solve the polynomial eigenvalue problem of degree l.

  Given an n*n matrix polynomial `C(s) = C0 + C1 s + … + Cl s^l` polyeig solves the eigenvalue problem `(C0 + C1 + … + Cl)v = 0`.

  Note that the eigenvalues z are the zeros of the matrix polynomial. z is a row vector with n*l elements. v is a matrix (n x n*l) with columns that correspond to the eigenvectors.

  See also: eig, eigs, compan.

Function File: compan (c)

  Compute the companion matrix corresponding to polynomial coefficient vector c.

  The companion matrix is

           _                                                        _
          |  -c(2)/c(1)   -c(3)/c(1)  …  -c(N)/c(1)  -c(N+1)/c(1)  |
          |       1            0      …       0             0      |
          |       0            1      …       0             0      |
      A = |       .            .      .         .             .      |
          |       .            .       .        .             .      |
          |       .            .        .       .             .      |
          |_      0            0      …       1             0     _|

  The eigenvalues of the companion matrix are equal to the roots of the polynomial.

  See also: roots, poly, eig.

Function File: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p)
Function File: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p, tol)
Function File: [multp, idxp] = mpoles (p, tol, reorder)

  Identify unique poles in p and their associated multiplicity. The output is ordered from largest pole to smallest pole.

  If the relative difference of two poles is less than tol then they are considered to be multiples. The default value for tol is 0.001.

  If the optional parameter reorder is zero, poles are not sorted.

  The output multp is a vector specifying the multiplicity of the poles. `multp(n)` refers to the multiplicity of the Nth pole `p(idxp(n))`.

  For example:

      p = [2 3 1 1 2];
      [m, n] = mpoles (p)
         ⇒ m = [1; 1; 2; 1; 2]
         ⇒ n = [2; 5; 1; 4; 3]
         ⇒ p(n) = [3, 2, 2, 1, 1]

  See also: residue, poly, roots, conv, deconv.